Thank you, Chris, Becca, and Adam, for bringing the Eight Forms of Capital to our attention. And thanks to John Arden for his insights and contributions to this vital topic. They bring an important comprehensive perspective to building wealth in our “future worth inheriting”.
I would like to bring another key resource for building emotional and social capital to the attention of our PP community. “Positivity” is the title of this resource. Positivity is based on a program of research directed by Barbara Fredrickson, Ph.D., a research psychologist at UNC-Chapel Hill1. This research explores and describes the personal characteristics that help one to thrive and flourish rather than flounder in one’s environment. It is a major contribution to the Positive Psychology movement2. While it’s based in science, her book is fun to read. It’s written in such a way that it invites the reader to experience what she’s describing.
Fredrickson describes ten forms of Positivity. They (taken from pages 39-48 in the book) are:
1) Joy – experiences in which you feel safe and secure, bright and light, and energetic. There’s a spring in your step and a smile on your face. You interact with others with openness and enthusiasm. You feel like taking it all in. You feel playful—you want to jump in and get involved.
2) Gratitude – noticing something that has come your way that feels like a gift to be treasured. Gratitude opens your heart and creates the urge to give back. This urge is to give a gift that’s freely given; it’s not an obligation, an expectation, or a favor to be returned.
3) Serenity – awareness of your current circumstances in which you feel safe, secure, and peaceful; and that carries the urge to savor what you’re experiencing as well as the wish to find ways to integrate these circumstances into your life more fully and more often.
4) Interest – While feeling safe, something new and inviting draws your attention to it. You’re utterly fascinated. You feel pulled to explore, to immerse yourself in what you’re just now discovering.
5) Hope – when your circumstances could easily disintegrate into something dire and undesirable, hope is the belief that things can change for the better. Hope arises precisely at those moments when hopelessness or despair seem just as likely. It is “fearing the worst but yearning for better”. Hope sustains you. You are ready to tap into your own capabilities and inventiveness to turn things around. You feel inspired to plan for a better future.
6) Pride – when tempered with appropriate humility, pride is the feeling of excitement and satisfaction that blooms while thinking about a specific, valued achievement in which you’ve invested your energy and skill. It stimulates thoughts and dreams of even further accomplishments, and motivates persistence in efforts to achieve them.
7) Amusement – an unexpected incongruity that leads to laughter. These incongruities are social; they always occur with others or when thinking about others. And they are safe; they’re nonthreatening. For example, you and a friend are talking about where to go for lunch. Your friend (safe and social) screws up her face, sticks out her tongue, and crosses her eyes in response to your suggested restaurant (incongruous act). You both laugh at her behavior.
8) Inspiration – human excellence that transcends the ordinary; seeing better possibilities than usual. It rivets your attention, warms your heart, and draws you in. You become motivated to express what’s good and to do good yourself.
9) Awe – inspiration on a grand scale. You feel overwhelmed by greatness, and feel small and humble in comparison. You are stopped in your tracks, momentarily transfixed. Boundaries melt away, and you feel part of something much larger than yourself. You are challenged to absorb and accommodate the sheer scale of what you’ve encountered; you want to let it all soak in.
10) Love – experiencing the forms of positivity in the context of a safe, often close relationship. Love is multi-faceted, a “many splendored thing”, as it includes moments of joy, gratitude, serenity, interest, hope, pride, amusement, inspiration, and awe at different times in an on-going relationship. In this context, love occurs in momentary surges; a loving relationship is fleshed out with many such surges.
These positivity experiences are heart-felt. They are open and genuine. They are not “pollyannish” nor are they are forced. In fact, Dr. Fredrickson’s research has demonstrated that if they are disingenuous or forced, they have a negative impact rather than a positive influence as had been sought. It’s important to just be open and aware of the positive experiences as they happen rather than to try to make them happen. If they don’t seem to happen as often as you would like, that’s OK; just stay open and keep looking. At the same time, her book offers several practical tools for focusing one’s search.
One of the more fascinating and hopeful findings in her research is the discovery that the proportion of positive to negative experiences in one’s life determines whether one tends to thrive or to flounder. A positivity ratio of 3:1 is a “tipping point” at which one begins to thrive. When a person has at least three positivity experiences for every negative one, that person tends to become physically and emotionally healthier. (At a ratio of 13:1, however, the benefits of positivity begin to fade away.) Again, the key to developing more positivity in your life is to become more open and aware of positivity experiences.
Not only does thriving have positive health effects, it fosters creativity and effective problem-solving. Fredrickson calls it the “broaden-and-build” finding. That is, her research findings reveal that people with positivity ratios of at least 3:1 demonstrate increased inventiveness and resourcefulness as well as enhanced abilities to solve challenges and problems.
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Fredrickson, B. (2009). Positivity: Groundbreaking Research Reveals How to Embrace the Hidden Strength of Positive Emotions, Overcome Negativity, and Thrive. New York: Random House.
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Seligman, MEP. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being. New York: Simon & Schuster.